6 First signs of thyroid problems

The thyroid is a small but vital organ in the human body that regulates many essential functions. Its responsibilities range from regulating metabolism and body temperature to supporting growth, making it indispensable for our health. But what happens when this essential organ no longer functions properly? Thyroid problems can significantly affect our well-being and are often only recognized at an advanced stage. This article explores the importance and function of the thyroid and highlights symptoms and early warning signs of thyroid dysfunction.

Table of Contents

• Importance and function of the thyroid
• Common thyroid disorders
• Early signs and symptoms of thyroid problems
• Symptoms of thyroid disorders
• Diagnosing thyroid problems
• Prevention and early detection
• Treatment options
• Summary

Importance and function of the thyroid

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped organ in the neck that regulates a variety of vital functions in the body. Its main role is to produce and release hormones that affect almost every organ and system. The two primary hormones produced by the thyroid are thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. These hormones are regulated by TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), which is released by the pituitary gland. Thyroid hormones play a key role in the following processes (Cleveland Clinic, 2022):

• Metabolism and digestion regulation: Thyroid hormones control how the body absorbs, processes, and stores energy from food. Malfunction can lead to digestive issues such as constipation or diarrhea.

• Regulation of body temperature: Thyroid hormones influence the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, which are crucial for body temperature. Hypothyroidism can lead to cold sensitivity, while hyperthyroidism can cause increased sweating and heat intolerance ( Warner et al, 2013). 

• Cardiovascular system: Heart rate, cardiac output, and blood flow are partially regulated by thyroid hormones. An overactive thyroid may cause palpitations or arrhythmias ( Deutsches Schilddrüsenzentrum, 2024).

• Growth and development: Thyroid hormones are vital for the growth of children and adolescents. Studies show that hypothyroidism can result in growth delays (Weiss et al., 1996).

• Brain development and cognitive activity: Thyroid hormones are essential for brain development and cognitive function. A deficiency can cause concentration issues and mental slowing (Deutsches Schilddrüsenzentrum, 2024).

• Bones, nails, hair, and skin: The thyroid influences bone strength, nail and hair growth quality, and skin cell turnover. An imbalance may lead to dry skin, osteoporosis, or hair loss ( Deutsches Schilddrüsenzentrum, 2024).

• Fertility: Fertility in both men and women is significantly influenced by thyroid hormones. Dysfunction can lead to menstrual disturbances in women and reduced sperm production in men (Mayo Clinic, 2023).

Sources: Cleveland Clinic, 2022, Deutsches Schilddrüsenzentrum, 2024

Common thyroid disorders

As mentioned, the thyroid is crucial for maintaining optimal physical health. Timely diagnosis and treatment are key to avoiding serious health issues. Some of the most common thyroid disorders are listed in the table below:

• Hypothyroidism: In hypothyroidism, the thyroid produces too little of the hormones that regulate metabolism and other body functions. It can be congenital or acquired. Acquired hypothyroidism is often caused by autoimmune diseases (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis), surgery or treatments that damage the thyroid, medication overdoses, or iodine deficiency.

• Hyperthyroidism: In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid produces too many hormones, resulting in elevated hormone levels in the blood. It can be caused by thyroid autonomy, Graves' disease, or excessive intake of thyroid hormones (e.g., after radioiodine therapy or surgery).

• Thyroid nodules and cancer: Thyroid nodules are abnormal growths in the thyroid. These may be benign (like an adenoma or inflammation), but should be regularly monitored since some can be malignant (thyroid cancer).

• Thyroiditis: Thyroid inflammation can be acute (often due to bacterial infections) or chronic (like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Chronic thyroiditis involves the immune system attacking the thyroid, leading to hypothyroidism. Causes may include genetic predisposition or environmental factors.

Source: Deutsches Schilddrüsenzentrum, 2024

Early signs and symptoms of thyroid problems

Early signs of thyroid dysfunction can be subtle and easily overlooked. That’s why it is crucial to observe changes in the body and consult a doctor if thyroid issues are suspected.

Early symptoms of thyroid conditions may include:

Source: Derived from Cleveland Clinic, 2022

• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness despite adequate sleep

• Skin changes: Dry skin, hair loss, or brittle hair

• Weight changes: Unexplained weight gain or loss

• Menstrual irregularities: Irregular or heavy periods in women

• Cold or heat sensitivity: Excessive shivering or sweating

• Mood changes: Depression, irritability, or anxiety

Source: Cleveland Clinic, 2022

Feeling unwell? Have you recently noticed irritability or weight changes?

Homed-IQ offers an at-home thyroid test that lets you conveniently measure your thyroid levels. This test analyzes T3, T4, and TSH levels to indicate possible over- or underactive thyroid function. You can also choose the general health screening to detect potential health concerns early and proactively manage your health.

Symptoms of thyroid disorders

Below are specific symptoms associated with common thyroid conditions:

Hypothyroidism

• Extreme fatigue, quick exhaustion, lack of motivation, low mood

• Concentration difficulties, headaches

• Cold sensitivity

• Loss of appetite

• Constipation

• Increased susceptibility to infections

• Puffy face, swollen tongue and eye area

• Dull hair, hair loss

• Weight gain

Hyperthyroidism

• Heart rhythm disorders, high blood pressure

• Sleep disturbances

• Weight loss

• Diarrhea

• Excessive sweating

• Menstrual irregularities in women

• Hair loss

• Mood swings, nervousness, exhaustion, lack of strength

Thyroid nodules and cancer

• No symptoms in early stages

• Palpable or visible lumps in the neck

• Feeling of tightness, pressure, or a lump in the throat

• Frequent throat clearing

• Swallowing difficulties

• Breathing difficulties, shortness of breath

• Weight loss

• General weakness

Thyroiditis (e.g., Hashimoto’s)

• Localized pain

• Fatigue, exhaustion

• Sleep disturbances

• Muscle or joint discomfort

Source: Derived from Deutsches Schilddrüsenzentrum, 2024

If you notice any symptoms of a thyroid condition, it's important to take them seriously. An early consultation with a healthcare provider can help identify the cause and determine the right course of action.

Diagnosing thyroid problems

Thyroid issues can be diagnosed during routine checkups or if symptoms arise—either at home or in a doctor’s office. Diagnosis typically begins with a detailed medical history and physical exam to review symptoms and examine the neck for thyroid changes. A blood test is the next step, whether conducted at home or in a clinic. This test measures T3, T4, TSH, and sometimes antibodies that may indicate thyroid disease ( Schilddrüsenzentrum Köln, 2024).

If needed, imaging such as ultrasound can assess thyroid size and structure, and detect nodules or abnormalities. If suspicious nodules are found, a fine needle biopsy may be used to sample tissue and determine whether the nodule is benign or malignant. In special cases, additional imaging such as scintigraphy, CT scans, or MRIs may be needed to assess thyroid function or cancer spread ( Schilddrüsenzentrum Köln, 2024).

Diagnostic procedures vary depending on medical history to develop a tailored treatment plan. Early and accurate diagnosis is key for optimal thyroid treatment.

Prevention and early detection

Prevention and early detection are essential in managing thyroid disorders:

• Adequate iodine intake: Ensuring sufficient iodine levels is crucial, as deficiency is a common cause of thyroid enlargement or hypothyroidism.

• Regular screenings: Routine checkups are vital for early detection and may include lab tests to monitor thyroid hormone levels.

• Holistic health strategies: A balanced diet, regular physical activity, and stress management can reduce the risk of thyroid problems and enhance quality of life.

Treatment options

Treatment options for thyroid conditions depend on the type and severity of the disorder and individual health needs. Medication is commonly used for hyperthyroidism (e.g., antithyroid drugs to suppress hormone production) or hypothyroidism (e.g., hormone replacement therapy). Radioiodine therapy may be used, particularly for hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer, where radioactive iodine targets and destroys excess tissue or cancer cells. In some cases—especially for large nodules or certain types of thyroid cancer—surgery may be necessary ( Schilddrüsenzentrum Köln, 2024).

Summary

Thyroid problems often present with subtle signs that are easy to miss. That’s why it’s important to monitor changes in your body and perform a thyroid test at home or in a clinical setting if symptoms occur or as a preventive measure. Symptoms like persistent fatigue, dry skin, hair loss, unusual weight changes, menstrual irregularities, cold or heat sensitivity, and mood swings can point to thyroid disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to improve quality of life, support overall health, and prevent serious complications.