Egg Allergy: Symptoms, diagnosis & egg-free cooking
Eggs are not only a staple food in many cuisines but also an essential ingredient in numerous baking recipes. From breakfast eggs to cakes and pastries – eggs are highly versatile. But what if you want to bake a birthday cake for a loved one and are suddenly faced with a diagnosis of an egg allergy? How can you continue preparing delicious meals and desserts when this everyday ingredient becomes off-limits? In this article, we explain what an egg allergy is, outline its symptoms, and provide solutions for an egg-free diet.
Table of Contents
- What is an egg allergy?
- What are the causes of an egg allergy?
- Which cross-allergies occur with an egg allergy?
- What is the difference between an allergy to egg white and egg yolk?
- What symptoms occur with an egg allergy?
- What alternatives are there when cooking?
- How is an egg allergy diagnosed?
- How do you treat an allergic reaction to eggs?
- Summary
What is an egg allergy?
An egg allergy is a type of food allergy that occurs when a person’s immune system mistakenly identifies certain proteins in eggs, primarily in the egg white, as harmful invaders. These proteins are referred to as allergens. Once these allergens enter the body, the immune system responds by producing specific antibodies known as immunoglobulin E (IgE). Upon future contact with the allergen, these IgE antibodies bind to it and trigger the release of various chemicals, the most well-known being histamine. These chemicals lead to the physical symptoms we associate with allergic reactions, such as rashes or breathing difficulties (Mayo Clinic, 2021).
Although egg allergies typically develop in childhood, it is also possible for adults to develop such an allergy. It is estimated that around 2% of children have an egg allergy. Fortunately, many outgrow the allergy by the time they reach school age (Caubet & Wang, 2011).
What are the causes of an egg allergy?
The risk of developing an egg allergy can be influenced by genetic factors, especially if there is a family history of allergies. Additionally, studies suggest that early exposure to egg proteins, whether through food or products, can increase the risk. Children with other food allergies or skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis are also more susceptible to developing an egg allergy (Mayo Clinic, 2021).
Which cross-allergies occur with an egg allergy?
An egg allergy can lead to direct reactions from eating eggs, but it may also be associated with other allergens. Cross-allergies occur when the immune system recognizes similar structures in different allergens and reacts to them. People with an egg allergy are particularly at risk if they are already allergic to other substances.
It is especially important for allergy sufferers to know that cross-reactions can occur with poultry meat, particularly chicken. In rarer cases, cross-reactions with other birds such as turkey or duck can also occur. In addition, cross-allergies with certain vaccines are possible, as some contain egg proteins. Special caution is required here, and prior consultation with a doctor is essential.
Awareness of potential cross-allergies is crucial to avoid adverse reactions and manage the allergy effectively (ACAAI, 2019).
What is the difference between an allergy to egg white and egg yolk?
An egg allergy can be directed against different components of the egg, mainly the egg white (albumin) and the yolk. Egg white contains the majority of the egg’s allergenic proteins, which is why allergies to egg white are more common than to yolk. However, some individuals may specifically react to proteins in the yolk. A key difference between the two lies in their distinct protein compositions, each capable of triggering unique allergic reactions. Therefore, someone allergic to egg white may be able to consume yolk without issue, and vice versa, although caution is advised as cross-contamination between egg white and yolk is common during cooking (Mayo Clinic, 2021).
What symptoms occur with an egg allergy?
Mild symptoms:
- Skin redness or mild hives
- Nasal congestion or runny nose
- Stomach discomfort or nausea
Moderate symptoms:
- Rash or more pronounced hives on the body
- Mild breathing difficulties or wheezing
- Swelling around the eyes, lips, or other parts of the face
Severe symptoms (signs of anaphylactic shock requiring emergency medical treatment):
- Breathing difficulties or shortness of breath
- Hoarseness or a tight feeling in the throat
- Weak, rapid pulse or heart palpitations
- Severe stomach pain, vomiting, or diarrhea
- Confusion, dizziness, or sudden loss of consciousness
Source: ACAAI, 2019
If someone shows signs of anaphylactic shock, it is essential to seek medical help immediately and call emergency services.
Do you experience symptoms shortly after eating foods that may contain eggs?
Then you might have an egg allergy. With the extensive allergy test from Homed-IQ, you can get tested not only for a wide range of allergens but also specifically for egg proteins. The test can also check for cross-allergies such as chicken meat.
What alternatives are there when cooking?
Eggs serve many purposes in recipes, such as binding, adding moisture, or acting as a leavening agent. However, for people with an egg allergy or those who avoid eggs for other reasons, there are several alternatives:
- Applesauce or bananas: Half a banana or a quarter cup of applesauce can be used as a substitute for one egg in baking recipes. They provide moisture and help hold the dough together.
- Flaxseed or chia seeds: When you mix 1 tablespoon of ground flaxseed or chia seeds with 2.5 tablespoons of water and let it sit for a while, it forms a gel-like texture similar to that of an egg.
- Silken tofu: Silken tofu offers a great consistency for creamy recipes and can be used as an egg replacement in cakes and muffins.
- Baking powder, oil, and water: A mixture of 2 tablespoons of water, 1 tablespoon of oil, and 2 teaspoons of baking powder can replace one egg in many baking recipes.
- Commercial egg replacement products: There are also special egg substitutes available in supermarkets.
It is important to keep in mind that the best egg replacement may vary depending on the recipe and desired texture. A little experimentation may be helpful to achieve the best result (McDonell, 2023).
How is an egg allergy diagnosed?
The diagnosis of an egg allergy is usually based on a combination of different methods:
- Medical history and symptoms: The doctor gathers information about the symptoms that appear after consuming eggs or egg-containing products.
- Skin tests: Skin tests, such as the skin prick test, may be performed to indicate an allergic reaction to eggs. Tiny amounts of egg protein are applied to the skin, and any allergic reactions such as redness or swelling are observed.
- Blood tests: A blood test, particularly the immunoglobulin E (IgE) test, can detect elevated IgE antibody levels against egg proteins, indicating a possible allergic reaction.
- Oral food challenges: These are conducted under medical supervision, where controlled amounts of egg protein are gradually given to observe any reaction. These tests are strictly monitored due to the potential risk of severe allergic responses.
Source: Caubet & Wang, 2011
How do you treat an allergic reaction to eggs?
The treatment of an egg allergy primarily focuses on avoiding allergic reactions and managing symptoms when they occur. Since there is no cure for egg allergy, avoiding egg products is the safest way to prevent allergic responses. Below are general and medical approaches to managing an egg allergy:
General measures:
- Avoidance: Individuals should consistently avoid egg products and any items containing egg ingredients. Many hidden foods also contain egg. For example, baked goods such as cakes and cookies, certain salad dressings like Caesar dressing and mayonnaise, fresh pasta, some meat products, and even clear soups may include egg as an ingredient. Egg may also be found in certain alcoholic beverages, ready-made meals, and even in some cosmetics and personal care products, where it is used as a stabilizer or emulsifier.
- Label checking: It is essential to read the labels of packaged foods carefully and look out for terms like "albumin," "lecithin," "lysozyme," or "vitellin," which may indicate the presence of egg components. If unsure, it is recommended to contact the manufacturer or consult a nutritionist.
- Alternatives: Knowing about the alternatives to eggs mentioned above enables affected individuals to maintain a varied and enjoyable diet without having to give up favorite foods.
- Emergency plan: People with a known egg allergy should have a personalized emergency plan. This plan should include clear instructions on how to act in the event of an allergic reaction and be provided by an allergist or immunologist.
- Medical ID bracelet: Wearing a medical ID bracelet that indicates the allergy can be invaluable in emergencies, especially if the affected person is unable to communicate.
Medical therapy
- Antihistamines: These medications can help relieve many of the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as itching, hives, or nasal congestion. However, they are not effective for more severe symptoms like anaphylactic shock.
- Corticosteroids: For more intense allergic reactions, corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation.
- Epinephrine (adrenaline): For individuals at risk of anaphylactic shock, an epinephrine auto-injector (e.g., EpiPen) is often prescribed. This medication can be life-saving, as it acts quickly to halt the symptoms of anaphylaxis. In the event of a severe reaction, epinephrine should be administered immediately, and emergency services should be contacted without delay.
Source: Cleveland Clinic, 2023
It is important to emphasize that anyone who suspects they may have an egg allergy should consult a specialist to obtain an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment recommendations.
Summary
Egg allergies are a common type of food allergy, particularly among children. Understanding the symptoms and proper treatment is essential to avoid complications and lead a healthy life. Although there is no cure, people with egg allergies can live a normal and healthy life through education, caution, and appropriate medical care.
