Penile ulcer: Symptoms, causes and treatment of injuries to the penis

Penile ulcers are painful, open sores on the male genital organ, often caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as syphilis, herpes, or non-infectious conditions like autoimmune diseases. The medical term for such sores is “ulcer” (plural: ulcers). Raising awareness about this topic is important, as shame can prevent affected individuals from seeking medical help early. Early detection and treatment are crucial to avoid health complications and prevent the spread of infections.

This article explains what penile ulcers are, which symptoms and signs to watch for, as well as available diagnostic and treatment options. Common questions are also addressed.

Table of Contents

• What are penile ulcers?
• What are the symptoms and signs of ulcers on the penis?
• What are the causes of penile ulcers?
• Are penile ulcers always contagious?
• How are ulcers on the penis diagnosed?
• What are the treatment options for penile ulcers?
• What can you do to prevent penile ulcers?
• Summary

What are penile ulcers?

A penile ulcer is a deep, open, usually painful wound located on the male genital organ, characterized by tissue damage and slow healing. Ulcers on the penis often appear as a late-stage symptom of an underlying condition, which can worsen if left untreated.

What are the symptoms and signs of ulcers on the penis?

The first visible signs of penile ulcers are often mild redness or small, painless bumps in the affected area. These can develop into open, painful sores that may grow larger without treatment. As the condition progresses, the following symptoms may appear:

• Painful, open wounds or ulcers

• Redness and swelling around the sore

• Oozing or pus formation at the sore

• Itching or burning (also during urination)

• Swollen lymph nodes in the groin

• Fever (in some cases)

• Unpleasant odor

If these symptoms occur, a doctor should be consulted immediately to receive a prompt diagnosis and begin treatment (Cleveland Clinic, 2022).

What are the causes of penile ulcers?

Penile ulcers can result from a variety of causes, with sexually transmitted infections being a common factor. Possible causes include:

Sexually transmitted infections as a cause:

• Syphilis: Syphilis is a bacterial STI transmitted through unprotected sexual contact or direct contact with syphilitic sores. If left untreated, it can cause both painless and painful ulcers on the penis.

• Genital herpes: Genital herpes is a viral STI transmitted through skin contact or sexual activity, leading to recurring, painful blisters and sores in the genital area.

Non-sexually transmitted causes:

• Inflammatory skin conditions such as lichen planus cause painful, itchy ulcers on the penis due to chronic inflammation and often require specialized dermatological treatment.

• Autoimmune diseases like Behçet's disease are caused by immune system dysfunction, attacking the body's own tissues. This can lead to painful genital ulcers in the absence of infection. These ulcers are often persistent and difficult to treat.

• Allergic reactions to certain substances or chemicals (e.g., latex in condoms) can lead to irritation and occasionally open wounds in the genital area, resembling ulcers.

• Injuries or trauma from friction, pressure, or minor skin damage can cause open wounds that become infected and develop into ulcers.

Source: CDC, 2021

Are penile ulcers always contagious?

No, penile ulcers are not always contagious. Ulcers caused by infections such as syphilis or herpes are contagious. Non-infectious causes such as injuries, autoimmune diseases, or allergic reactions are not contagious (Cleveland Clinic, 2022).

How are ulcers on the penis diagnosed?

Ulcers on the penis are diagnosed through a thorough physical examination and specific diagnostic tests to determine the underlying cause. Common diagnostic methods include:

• Swab of the affected area: A sample is taken to identify possible pathogens like bacteria or viruses, including syphilis or herpes.

• Blood tests: Blood tests are performed to detect or rule out sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

• Biopsy in unclear cases: If a non-infectious cause is suspected, a small tissue sample may be taken and analyzed to exclude autoimmune diseases or cancer.

Sources: Roet, 2022; Cleveland Clinic, 2022

Would you like to assess yourself?

Many people are hesitant to visit a doctor, which is why Homed-IQ offers the option to test for various infections and allergies from the comfort of home. With the SyphilisTest and the Comprehensive STI Test, you can test specifically for one or more common sexually transmitted infections. Analyses are carried out in ISO-certified laboratories, also used by medical practices and clinics, ensuring maximum accuracy and reliability. If you suspect an allergy, such as a latex allergy, the Comprehensive Allergy Test can detect 295 allergens, covering 167 specific allergies including latex, to provide accurate results for a thorough allergy assessment.

When should you see a doctor?

Medical advice should be sought if:

• The sore does not heal within a few days or worsens.

• Accompanying symptoms such as fever, pain, or swollen lymph nodes occur.

• There is suspicion of an STI or symptoms appear after sexual contact.

Source: Cleveland Clinic, 2022

What are the treatment options for penile ulcers?

Proper treatment depends on the cause. Common treatment options include:

• Antiviral therapy: For ulcers caused by viruses such as genital herpes, antiviral medications are prescribed. These reduce the severity and duration of symptoms and lower the risk of recurrent outbreaks.

• Antibiotics: Bacterial infections like syphilis are typically treated with antibiotics. A complete course is necessary to cure the infection and prevent new ulcers.

• Wound care: Proper hygiene and wound care are essential to prevent infection and promote healing.

• Pain relief: Pain medications may be used if needed, under medical supervision.

• Special treatments: Chronic or hard-to-heal ulcers, such as those from autoimmune diseases, may require tailored therapies and specialized care.

Doctor’s treatment recommendations should be followed closely, and medical advice should be sought again if symptoms worsen (Ahmed, 2022).

Can penile ulcers heal on their own?

In rare cases, penile ulcers may heal on their own, particularly if they are caused by minor, harmless injuries. However, ulcers caused by infections like syphilis or herpes and those resulting from chronic conditions such as autoimmune diseases generally do not heal without medical treatment.

How long does it take for a penile ulcer to heal?

The healing time for a penile ulcer varies depending on the cause, treatment, and individual health. Herpes virus infections often heal externally within 2–4 weeks but remain in the body for life. The virus can lie dormant and be reactivated by stress or a weakened immune system. “Incurable” means that the virus remains permanently in the body and recurrent outbreaks are possible.

Bacterial infections like syphilis typically heal within a few weeks with consistent antibiotic treatment. Non-infectious ulcers, such as those from autoimmune conditions, may take longer to heal and often require special treatment.

What can you do to prevent penile ulcers?

Measures to prevent penile ulcers focus on avoiding infections, minimizing skin irritation, and recognizing early symptoms.

• Use condoms
• Have regular sti tests carried out
• Observe gentle hygiene in the intimate area
• Be aware of known allergies (e.g. latex)
• Seek medical advice for symptoms

Source: Ahmed, 2022

Summary

Penile ulcers are open, often painful sores on the male genital organ, usually caused by sexually transmitted infections like syphilis and herpes or autoimmune diseases. They can be contagious, especially when caused by infections, and require accurate diagnosis by a doctor. Treatment depends on the cause and often includes antiviral drugs, antibiotics, and specialized care. Preventive measures like practicing safer sex and maintaining good hygiene are important to reduce the risk of developing penile ulcers.